The subordinated conjunction introduces one complex clause. Which completesor determines the direction of the other conjunct.
EX: We will leave once it stops raining. (complex clauses - adverbial
temporal)
(Subordinated conjunction)
Subordinated conjunctions are divided in five main groups, in accordance to the direction:
TIME / CAUSE AND EFFECT / CONCESSION / DIRECT OPPOSITION / CONDITION.
TIME
When à expresses idea of a moment where an action occurred.
Ex: When we were in Rio de Janeiro, we visited beautiful beaches.
After à expresses idea of a rear moment where an action occurred.
Ex: After I arrived, I saw them.
IMPORTANT
When an adverbal clause come as main clause, as in the first example, we use a (comma) to separate the clause. When the adverbal clause is after the main clause, as in the second example, the (comma) is not used.
As àIt can be used in the same way that “while” to express concurrence idea.
Ex: I fell in the street as I was running home.
As long as à expresses idea of a complete period.
Ex: I will stay here as long as necessary.
As soon as à expresses idea of a specific periodor of something already occurred.
Ex: I came as soon as I heard the news.
Before à expresses idea of a previous moment in time.
Ex: Come and see me before you leave for Europe.
By the time à also expresses idea of something occurring before a specific
moment in time.
Ex: We will have finished all the work by the time he arrives.
During the time à (that) expresses occurrence of an event during a specific
period.
Ex: I used to read a lot during the time that I was a
student.
Immediately à expresses occurrence of an action without pause or delay,
immediately after a fact.
Ex: He went on holiday immediately after receiving the
money from the lottery.
The moment that à also expresses an action that happens without delay.
Ex: We had tea the moment that she arrived.
Since à it can be used as preposition and as conjunction (when it binds two
conjuncts).
Ex: Peter has been in Brazil since last week.
preposition
Peter has been in Brazil since he got married.
conjunction
Until / till à expresses idea of “until determined moment”.
Ex: You can not leave until your work is finished.
Whenever à expresses concurrence, idea of duration.
Ex: He is in a bad mood whenever I see him.
While à expresses the idea of duration, concurrence.
Ex: The phone rang while I was having a bath.
The first time à expresses the first occurrence of an event.
Ex: João fell in love with Maria the first time that he saw
her.
The last time à expresses the last occurrence of an event.
Ex: He was working in a Computer Company the last time
that I spoke to him.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Because à expresses idea of reason.
He didn’t do his homework because he was tired.
Since à since also has the meaning of “because”.
Ex: Since you have a headache, I will help you with your work.
Now that à expresses the occurrence of a fact as consequence of another one.
Ex: Now that I am over 18 I am allowed to driver a car.
As à it can be used with the direction of “because”, “as”, “a time”.
Ex: As she wasn’t busy, she helped me with my homework.
As / so long as à also the express the moment where a fact occurs as resulted
of the other.
Ex: He always bought the children presents as long as he
had some money.
In order that à expresses idea of intention.
Ex: Peter went to London yesterday in order that he could
meet his friends at the airport.
So / so that à as subordinated conjunction.
Ex: I switched on the television so I could see the news.
CONCESSION
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH: these three conjunctions are used to express the idea of a result not waited.
Ex: Even though he was the best player, he lost the match.
Even if à I really enjoyed the party even if I didn’t know many of the people
there.
However à expresses the idea of direct opposition and generally initiates the
second conjunct.
Ex: Tim is rich; however, Peter is poor.
DIRECT OPPOSITION
WHEREAS, WHILE: these conjunctions are used to show a direct opposition, when a thing is accurately the opposite of the other.
Ex: Whereas / while Brazil is a large country, Uruguay is a small one.
CONDITION
In this case, the adverbial conjuncts present the condition so that something happens or not.
If à If I go to the shop, I will buy a new blouse. (This example, the condition possible is “I go to the shop” and answers is “I will by a new blouse”).
If not à expresses a negative condition.
Even if à it can also be used to express condition.
Ex: I wouldn’t do it even if they paid me a million dollars.
If only à It used to express a wish that the situation were different
If only I had studied more, I would have done better in my
examination.
On the condition à (that) expresses the idea of: “with a condition of”
Ex: He will sign the contract on the condition that some
of the clauses are changed..
Provided that à expresses a condition. It has the same meant of if.
Ex: We will be given a bonus provided that we finished the
project in December.
Unless à unless has the meaning of “if … not”.
Ex: I’ll play tennis tomorrow unless the weather is bad.
Suppose / Supposing à they can be used to express the idea of “if”.
Ex: Suppose that (suponha que…)
Supposing that (supondo que…)
Whether ... or not à Expresses the idea of that either a condition nor the
other is necessary, because the result will be the same.
Ex: I’m going to play tennis tomorrow whether the
weather is good or not.
In case à In case that express the idea of “in the case of”.
Ex: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
NOUN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATED CONJUNCTS SUBSTANTIVE
CONJUNCTS INITIATED BY THAT: these conjunctions are initiated by the integrant conjunctions that and can exert the function of:
Subject
Ex: That he will pass is obvious.
Object
Ex: I believe that he is talking the truth.
Predicative
The problem is that there is not enough money.
Comment
When a conjunct of this type comes after the main verb, it is common to omitt the integrant conjunction that especially in speaking.
In English, the conjuncts initiated by interrogative pronouns presented as it follows function as subject, object predicative (after prepositions). They may occur as indirect form, without the use of the mark interrogation.
Ex: When & 8594; I haven’t decided yet when I’ll take my holiday.
Where & 8594; I don’t know where Joana lives.
Why & 8594; Can you tell us why you have applied for this job?
How& 8594; How they intend to do it is a mystery.
Who & 8594; I don’t know who wrote the letter.
What & 8594; We have no idea what they will do.
Which & 8594; they didn’t say which plane they are coming on.
whose & 8594; I saw the man whose car was broken.
COMMENT
Who with indefinite direction does not initiate phrase and it cannot be used with subject function.
Ex: The one who must know is John. (is not – who must know is John).
Exercises:
1} Which is the conjunct that is exerting the function of subject, object or
predicative in the period? If writes S, O, or P after each one of the
phrases:
a) That I will do it is clear. _______________________.
b) I think that it is the best song of the year. _______________________.
c) That he will win is not yet certain.________________________.
d) The problem is that I don’t want to go out today. ______________________.
e) I believe that we can solve this problem. _____________________
2) It fills the spaces of the conjuncts below:
a) Can you tell me _______________time the play begins?
b) I’m sorry but I really don’t know __________________ to do this exercise.
c) Excuse me, could you tell me _____________________ road to take?
d) The one ___________________ must know is Anne.
e) I can’t understand_______________ I should do it.
CLAUSES INITIATED BY WORDS WITH - EVER
These clauses have an indefinite sense, in other words, we generally don’t know which thing or which person is being mentioned. In Portuguese, they are equivalent to the conjuncts with the verb in the subjunctive mode.
WHOEVER
Ex: Whoever wants to go must inform the director.
I’ll talk to whoever I wish.
WHATEVER
Ex: I’ll do whatever they tell me.
WHICHEVER
Ex: Let’s take whichever bus comes first.
WHEREVER
Ex: He follows me wherever I go.
HOWEVER
Ex: You can dress however you like.
CLAUSES INTIATED BY IF AND WHETHER
We employ IF or WHETHER with conjuncts that introduce indirect questions:
I haven’t asked whether he can come. (IF = WHETHER)
We don’t know whether he will agree or not.
We do not know if transport will be provided.
IF it can be done in time is the main doubt.
IF AND WHETHER CAN BE USED AS SYNONYMOUS:
Ex: I don’t know if I will go to the party.
I don’t know whether I will go to the party.
ATTENTION!
WHETHER IS OBLIGATORY: BEFORE THE INFINITIVE
Ex: We don’t know whether to go or not.
Infinitive
After preposition:
Ex: The directors talked about whether they should buy another company.
Preposition
WHEN THE CONJUNCTS HAVE THE SUBJECT FUNCTION:
Ex: Whether he will have a party on his birthday has not yet been decided.
WHEN IT IS USED OR NOT:
Ex: You will have to do this work, whether you like it or not.
(Whether is linked most to options and IF to the of idea condition)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The adjective clauses or relative clauses are initiated by the following
pronouns:
PERSONAL OBJECTIVE GENERAL
WHO WHICH THAT
WHOM
WHOSE
WHO
It’s used to begin adjective clauses always are initiated by a relative pronouns whose antecedent is one person or more.
Ex: That man who I met yesterday was very ill.
Those women who work in that library are my friends.
WHOM
It isn’t very used today, but it can substitute WHO or to be preceded by one preposition.
Ex: The lady whom we met yesterday was pregnant.
The man to whom I was introduced works with your father.
WHOSE
This possessive form is used when the antecedent is a person or a group of persons. But the antecedent can be an object, too.
Ex: The family whose house we are renting moved to another city.
That’s the house whose owner just died.
WHICH
It as a relative pronoun isn’t used like when the antecedents are people. Only objects.
Ex: The plane which has just landed came from London.
The house which we are buying is in the country.
THAT
It frequently substitutes WHO or WHICH and is always the first word of the adjective clause.
Ex: There’s something that you should know.
A man that I used to know is the president now.
USING PREPOSITION WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
We can use preposition with the four relative pronouns. It’s similar to interrogative pronouns. The use of preposition in the end of the adjective clause is more common. However, in a formal an text the preposition is place before the pronoun.
Ex: The man who I was talking to lives next door (informal).
The man to whom I was talking lives next door (formal and rare).
The pen with which you wrote the letter is quite expensive (formal).
YOU ROCK MY WORLD
Michael Jackson
My life will never be the same
Cause girl you came and changed
The way I walk the way I talk
Now I cannot explain
These things I feel for you
But girl you know it’s true
So stay with me, fulfill my dreams
I’ll be all you need
Ooh it feels so right
I’ve searched for the perfect love all my life
Ooh it feels like
I have finally found a perfect love this time
CHORUS
You rocked my world, you know you did
And everything I own I give
The rarest love, who’d think I’d find
Someone like you to call mine
You rocked my world, you know you did
And everything I own I give
The rarest love, who’d think I’d find
Someone like you to call mine
In time I know that love would bring
Such happiness to me
I tried to keep my sanity
I’ve waited patienty
And girl you know it seems
My life is so complete
A love that’s true, because of you
Keep doing what you do
Ooh it feels so right
I’ve searched for the perfect love all my life
Ooh who’d think I’d find
Such a perfect love that’s awesomely so right
CHORUS x 2
And girl, I know that this is love
I feel the magic all in the air
And girl, I’ll never get enough
That’s why I always have to have you here
CHORUS x 4
EXERCISES:
1)Complete with WHO, WHOM, WHOSE or WHICH:
a) The actress ________________ is playing the role of Phedra is my friend.
b) The book ________________ I borrowed from you is very interesting.
c) The couple _______________ children study with my son got divorced.
d) The girl ______________ lives next door is my cousin.
e) The man to ______________ I lent money has disappeared.
