DECONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS OF RIVERS, LAKES, DAMS, BAYS, HARBORS, BEACHES
Revitalize, eliminate pathological and algae bloom with ozone and oxygen in large scale, through fast increasing of potential of the self-purification of own water
Osvaldo Aleixo de Oliveira Rodrigues, M. Sc.
Master in Sanitation, Water Resources and Environment - UFMG. Electrical Engineer PUC MG. Postgraduate degree in Economic Engineering, Dom Cabral Foundation. MBA - Finance Executive in Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets / IBMEC Business School. Strategic Planning ADESG. Experience of about 20 years in the environmental field: diagnosis of contaminated water; risk assessment and remediation of degraded areas (decontamination ofsoil and groundwater); Specialization in remediation of soil and water (Princeton Groundwater, Inc. USA); Expertise in laws about issues of the environment, nationally and internationally. Expertise in advanced oxidation process with ozone and oxygen injection on a large-scale, to revitalize contaminated waters of rivers, lakes, dams, bays, harbors, beaches, accelerating all potential of the huge characteristic of self-purification of the own water.
Office Fone /Fax: + 55 31 3281.1818. Mobile: 55 31 9379.1800. E-mail: oaleixo10@gmail.com; oaleixo@uaigiga.com.br. Twiter: @osvaldoaleixo ; LinkdeIn: br.linkedin.com/pub/osvaldo-de-o-aleixo-rodrigues-m-sc/2/2a6/954/. Skype: osvaldoaleixo. 02/03/2014.
Keywords: surface water, advanced oxidation, decontamination of water, remediation of surface water, pollution of surface water, ozone and oxygen (rivers, harbors, beaches, bays, dams, reservoirs, ponds, Rodrigo de Freitas, Pampulha, Barra da Tijuca, Guanabara, Paranoa, Guarapiranga, Varzea das Flores, Rio Grande, Billings, Ibirite,Tiete, Pinheiros)
1.0 - Introduction
The world today is a new agewhere the perception of the environment and own issues is not understood only as blockers of development and/or projects considered sources of costs without return and turn on a representative and huge potential source of wealth and value.
The current scenario of water indicates that although the existing amount of water on the planet is sufficient for all mankind, but, it doesn´t necessarily means that their geographical distribution and their quality are able to meet the exponential evolution of the population, the expansion of agriculture, and, above all, supply the big increasing volume demanded by large cities.
Thus, the quality and quantity of water, really available for use, have been degraded and become scarce due to excessive discharges of sewage, effluents and waste in rivers, ponds urban or not, dams, beaches, bays.
Furthermore, there is an increasing use of large doses of chemicals to solve these discharges of draining materials, besides the problem of recalcitrant blooming of algae’s, inevitable that occurs in all reservoirs. The evolution of agriculture itself in countries like Brazil is responsible for 70 % of water consumption and, this way, is totally justified the intervention for quality improvement and revitalization of contaminated surface water, so, that action is to make possible reuse of water. As in agriculture the consume is 1.000 ton of water to each 1 ton of grain, in the world today, the United States and Europe are planning not increase grain production because of difficulties with the water. Does it mean any opportunity to good investment in Brazil?
The world recognizes that not have in short term, resources enough to address treatment of sewage, and even in rich countries, there is no resources to monitor all the key water resources. So, at this moment, emerge the alternative of using mobile stations holding the power of self-purification of aquatic environments, in order to enable the continuation of sustainable use/reuse of water bodies in sewage treatment, but maintaining the high quality of the water. This is the key. Nothing could be better and less expensive that generate and apply ozone in situ on real time, to accelerate the own characteristic of nature, with your perfection and exponential velocity of response to save his own life. Of course, is to be made inside appropriated closed chamber of treatment, not outdoor, and, in correct time application and in doses calculated for each compound, to avoid killing or to cause impact health to humans and all species in water and around. The history that ozone is very expensive is not true. It is time to verify.
Therefore justifies the application of the technology of ozone used today, that is a mobile platform with systems that makes suction of water and apply ozone in closed chambers at reduced doses and times, do not pose any risk to human health, fauna and flora, and include the injection of billions of liters of oxygen in water, which has been used successfully for over 15 years.
The mobile station promotes recovery of self-purification capacity of water bodies and treatment of organics, reduction of concentration of nutrients, metals, oils and cleaning of waste, operating "in situ" with a capacity to treat from 1.2 to 2.4 m3 / s of water and collect / remove 4 t / hour of waste water and is able to eliminate the algae´s bloom.
Then, this technology comes as a very attractive option, technical and economically. It happens with the use of these mobile stations, with high capacity, large portability, easy mobility and unlimited capacity for many different dimensions of aquatic environments, capable to enabling and accelerates the process of self-purification of water bodies in short term through a universalized and massive action, anywhere.
2.0 - Objectives
1. Eliminate environmental liabilities of surface waters (rivers, lakes, bays , beaches, dams, ponds, harbors);
2. Reduce 99.9 % of coliform bacteria and cyanobacteria concentrations in the short term;
3. Remove biomass, plants, algae, oils and greases and trash in waters;
4. Reduce the concentrations of nutrients and metals to levels desired;
5. Maintain stable levels of quality achieved at very low cost which enables the capture for reuse with attractive return on investment significantly;
6. Resolve issues or not residual pollution of sewage and diffuse pollution;
7. Reduce chemicals used for water treatment;
8. Improve the quality of water for human consumption;
9. Recover the capacity of water reservoirs with algae;
10. Significantly reduce costs and time in the production of potable water;
11. Eliminate odors in very short-term (3 months); e,
12. Increase significantly the potential characteristic of self-purification of water, to accelerate the revitalization process. This simple equation is enough to maintain high quality of water and even more to maintain any water body capable to treat residual sewers or diffuse pollution.
3.0 – Which is the Global Approach Proposition?
Universalization of the treatment of water with ozone and oxygen injection to really purify water, reduce the application of chemicals harmful to health and eliminate algae´s blooms, to reduce the time and costs of production of water to human consumption, through simple action to accelerate the process of self-purification, own characteristics of any aquatic environments.
4.0 – What are the main Procedures and Actions?
1. Create specific and technical regulations for the massive use of ozone and pure oxygen to reduce and / or to limitation of the use of chemicals in production processes for water supply and combating algal blooms, scenario often encountered and very common in majority of reservoirs of water.
2. Create specific sanitation programs with sources of long term financing for the universalization in short-term results through the ozone, and oxygen injection to decontaminate surface waters.
3. Implementation stages of technology: design and technical, economic, environmental and social feasibility; physical and hydro-geochemical diagnosis with sampling and laboratory testing campaign; project contents: matrix of calculation of the quantity of ozone and oxygen (billions liters) is to be applied to restore the quality of polluted surface waters, energy consumption; schedule deadlines and setting the number of mobile stations will be necessary to meet the desired quality of the water, time limits (6-24 months usually); intervention to eliminate the accumulate liability and removal of waste; time of operation for stabilization and maintenance of perennial high quality achieved; capture of water and pumping for a final treatment and distribution to reuse.
5.0 - FAQs for ozone technology on a large scale (FAQs - Frequent Asked Questions)
1. What is the technology of Ozone application and Oxygen Injection?
It is an advanced oxidation process that is intended to treat organic loads, eliminate cyanobacteria’s (carcinogens that only are effectively destroyed by ozone), reduce concentrations of nutrients and metals in sewage contaminated water, and remove plants, biomass, algae´s, debris, floating materials and or deposited over sediments in the aquatic environment.
It is an accelerated restoration and maintenance of the power of self-purification of water bodies, to clean, to revitalize and to rescue of water quality of rivers, lakes, bays, beach, ponds and polluted dams.
2. When was started use of this technology, what has occurred and how does it works?
It started around 1990, in the United States, in the decontamination of the Miami River and the entire region of Biscayne Bay, where tons of waste that impeded navigation, oils, bad odors and eutrophication caused by discharge of sewage and effluents, and various issues from people.
The systems to decontaminate water were developed and mounted on a boat to suck water and inject pressurized flow of micro bubbles of pure oxygen at depths up to 15 meters in directions and adjustable speeds. These systems are to sweep pollutants from the entire column of water till sediment layer in the bottom of the reservoir (where there are for example: decomposing organic matter; plastics; tires; trash, debris, etc.). The process of strong injection of oxygen rebuilds the need for oxygen in water, reduces the concentration of nutrients, oxidizes organic matter and metals and exposes the debris / trash without scraping the bottom. They are sucked / removed along with plants, algae’s, sediment particles and all existing biomass, to be subsequently collected. One filter retains the trash that is carry to a bucket in the boat, and the water flow with contaminants and sand or some sediments goes into chamber to be treated before back to water body.
3. Its implementation depends on the trapping 100 % of sewage and garbage dumped upstream from the site to be decontaminated?
No. Of course the higher the degree of intercepting sewers and less trash and debris will represent fewer efforts to eliminate passive and maintain the sustainability of the quality achieved after decontamination.
In true, intercepting sewers and garbage thrown by the amount upstream of aquatic environments shows almost always infeasible for the entire load, and present difficulties for implementation in the short term coupled with the fact that represents major investments.
First, due to issues of expropriation and execution of some previous drainage works, collectors and interceptors that are long-term activities, and second, it is impossible to perform at the pace required and compatible with the rate of growing population on time, and in a piecemeal way, around the water bodies. It is also impossible to avoid the effects of diffuse pollution of nature, wind, rain, contamination of groundwater origin, source browsing or various uses of water from the local community, resulting in contamination accumulated over time.
Several different possibilities of pollution can cause degradation of water quality of the reservoir/water body. We can mention yet: polluted groundwater pathways, old sanitary installations around, so that the attention focused only to trapping sewage and treat it is insufficient to restore and maintain the power of self-purification of water body.
Thus, the complete solution for sewage treatment before discharge in water bodies could be solved by a kind of wetlands but will depend on enough areas. It could be solved before entrance of water bodies by fixed stations but it will depend on capacity of treatment varying significantly due seasonality and it could be not feasible. Or it could be solved from watershed upstream region by complementary actions, such us installation of sanitary kits and/or specific policies of command and control and supervision of implementation of rules to have everybody connected. These factors can limit the prospect of fencing 100 % of the burden of pollutants upstream water body before reaching the aquatic environment.
Thus, the sustainability of water quality will necessarily depend on the ongoing maintenance, otherwise the water body returns to its state of contamination. In this only treat sewage approach, possibly, in some years, the water body will present its state of eutrophication again.
So, the world understood that one solution is to have a floating mobile station working inside the water body, to maintain the quality of water as well as treat incremental sewages or diffuse pollution effects.
In this real scenario, the most important decision is to be conscious that to have less cost annually to an ongoing maintenance, with one adequate technology working inside water body few hours per week, to make feasible the reuse of water, and the results will be maintenance of the health, landscape, tourism, sports, energy, food, drink water, etc. or will be necessary to perform forever the same huge cleaning job, after period of years to clean accumulated contamination.
The world have practiced in places where was applied the technology is the continuous operation to maintain sustainability of absolute stabilization of water quality permanently to any kind of use or reuse of water.
The cost in the short term period, when occurred the strong intervention to eliminate the accumulated pollution in site, was about US$ 0,3/m3. The cost of maintenance of quality achieved is between 20 and 30% of that cost /m3 to eliminate the accumulated liabilities. This fact shows that advanced technology of ozone is a very attractive opportunity to invest in operation of water reuse and maintain permanent the water desired quality.
This way the technology of ozone emerges and is justified so, in the outside world, as a new successful alternative to the use of treatment water equipment with unlimited capacities of production, to operate "in situ" in an mobile way.
4. What is exactly the service made by the Technology?
The service is:
· Reduction of concentrations of BOD, fecal coliforms, cyanobacteria, nutrients, metals, detergents, through oxidation or removal of water to recover, stabilize and leverage the potential of natural self-purification of water body in the short term (months).
· Physical removal of the plants; biomass; algae´s; debris; usually on top layer of the deposited sediments from waste water and eliminate totally any odor.
· Maintenance of perennial and sustainable water quality.
· Viability for use/reuse desired at low costs.
· Short term and high assured quality at interesting costs.
· Opportunity to aggregate value in environmental business services through reuse of water.
· Make sustainable the less cost concept to treat some sewage in water bodies worldwide.
5. After all, what is the work?
The work is the recovery of life and revitalization of quality of the water through the leverage together a strong acceleration of own huge natural characteristic of self-purification of water bodies.
About the needed equipment to works "in situ" with flexible capacity of production, there are two factors of essential importance to be considered:
a) Large variable capacity of treatment(m3/s>1,2 m3/s): is essential because the seasonal variations in flow in different size of water bodies can bring a significant increasing of contaminants to surface waters.
b) Work done inside water body(mobile plataform to generate O3, O2): because is unavoidable 100% pollutions upstream water body.
6. Guarantee Success?
Upon the destruction of 99.9 % and cyanobacteria and reduce drastically coliform concentrations of nutrients and metals to acceptable levels to desired quality, in accordance with the laws parameters and patterns, the process with ozone application and injection of billions of liters oxygen in the water can ensure the full revitalization of the water body and the restoration of self-purification capacity without adding any chemicals. The approach is simply to enhance the capacity of self-purification of aquatic environment itself, using its basic characteristic.
7. The process presents Fast and Lasting Results?
Yes. The process runs in short term of months. Not in long term how was executed in the past with only aeration and/or chemicals. That approach can require decades or centuries and with more large significant costs, besides, do not achieve complete desired quality. Permanent quality forever is possible by keeping a few hours of applying technology to take care of the diffuse and / or residual pollution unavoidable. Odors are eliminated and nature is restored with fullness in approximately 3 (three) months after the commencement of services.
8. Where and how can I see the technology in operation or information and details to contract recovery projects in Brazil?
Please contact the Technical Responsible for project and solutions to decontamination of surface water in rivers, bays, ports, lagoons, ponds, dams. It is indicated on the end of this technical note.
9. What special conditions is Needed to Start Service of Ozone Application?
No needs. The environment could present any condition in terms of contamination, an unbalanced ecologic state, any eutrophic status, moving to increase or decrease levels of pollution, or others and adverse conditions. The process is physically, chemically and biologically calculated through scientific process based in mass of pollutants to be reduced, and remains under total control.
Some calculation data in the model to determinate the number of hours and equipment necessary to perform the job: Flux input (m3/s); retention of load, influent and effluent loads per hour, and level of concentrations, total BOD and NH3 load/hour, factors kg 02 / kg BOD = 1,5; kg 02 / kg NH3 = 4,6; kg 02 / COD = 1; and others such as, transfer factor of 02 to water, oxygen saturation; temperature, efficiency of system kg 02 / kWh = 1,8, factor to correction of altitude. Then, this is the engineering base to calculate, in an appropriated model, the number of hours and equipment’s to execution of any job, anytime, anywhere.
10. What are the basic activities for implementation and execution of decontamination of polluted water?
1. Indication of geographic coordinates of the area and / or stretch to be recovered / revitalized.
2. Environmental characterization of the main sources of pollution, hot spots, flows and loads and types of contaminants, identification of possible pathways of contamination and risks to receptors, receptor types and their location.
· Documents Contents:
· Pictures and maps of the area and waterways to be decontaminated.
· Dimensions (length, width and depth) of the water bodies.
· Directions of water flow. Flow rate/ speed of water in gallons per minute.
· Water samples (all samples are to be taken from 1 to 6 feet of depth in various locations) collected from suspected contaminated areas that include the following:
o PH levels
o Temperature
o Solids and suspension (ppm)
o Dissolved oxygen levels
o E-coli (ppm) contamination levels
o Coliform family contaminants
o Phosphorous levels
o Salinity (fresh or salt water)
o Algae problems specifying the time of year, duration of the algae blooms and type of algae, if possible please send samples of the algae to us for analysis.
o Viruses present in the water.
- The water quality standards targeted. Please provide the correlating table of measures.
- Please include any data or reports previously compiled by the local municipalities and entities involved.
Indicate the specific problematic areas you are aware of, such as, sewer runoffs, storm water runoffs, regular trash accumulation areas, highly contaminated areas, and shallow areas. Please pin-point specific locations on the maps.
3. Physical measures, length, width, depth, bathymetry and the characterization of local hydro-geochemistry and around the water body and flows of inputs and outputs of water / contaminant load concentrations and trend assessment as to the volume of load and degree of contamination or hyper eutrophic state and possibility to improve an effective interception and treatment upstream of the site / dimensions and operating conditions of the watershed.
4. Technical Project Management with scaling the load to be handled, which is transformed by a model similar to aerobic reactors in daily hours of applying the technique of calculation according to the interest of contractor, usually 6-24 months.
This will depend too on the degree of contamination and dimensions of the site. The quantity of equipment to be used will depend on working hours per day, number of shifts, the volume of trash and debris to be removed from the water and the desired period for completion of the services. The distance of transport for final destination of trash removed from water could cause some impact in costs.
5. Preparation of the work area, specific monitoring and appropriate throughout the water column, creating the monitoring plan and implementation of monitoring and rainfall stations for monitoring changes in water quality, process performance and the speed and range variation of load discharged, which may decrease, but may also increase. These variations do not prevent the maintenance of the desired quality as well as water reuse and control its parameters. Anyway is enough more or less hours of work on ozone application or/and oxygen injection. Thus, the quality will be maintained even in adverse conditions and is not necessary to have a stabilized load incoming, could be increasing load due evolution of the population or decreasing load to 85 % or 95 % through efficiency on intercepting sewers and effluents. Naturally when higher the degree of the interception of sewers the efforts and costs to maintain the water quality will be less expensive.
11. What Are the Types of Investments and main Steps to Perform?
First step: prepare a preliminary technical and economic project to view the best conditions of sustainability and to identify possible sources of funding the project´s.
Second step: evaluate an investment that is intended to remove accumulated pollution over time and the main goals to achieve the desired quality with the recovery and revitalization of the water body considering the possibility or not of water reuse to distribution for different demands.
Third step: maintaining the quality achieved, even if there is some residual waste and sewage discharge or uncontrollable diffuse pollution. As much as lower the load as much lower will be the maintenance cost. Important to be clear that the cost of this maintenance is significantly small and that fact makes economically feasible the water reuse with strong financial sustainability. It is estimated an annual return value about 80 % of the investment made to eliminate past contamination and revitalization of the water body, considering there is a pumping the treated water for distribution and reuse of approximately 30% of the water flowing into reservoir.
12. Is this a sustainability service? It can be considering sustainable and low-cost or is an environmental expense without return?
Yes, the technology is sustainable and cost effective. Technically as well as financially and qualitatively, besides all benefit to health and environment mainly, when there is the reusing of water. The cost of maintaining quality in reservoir to water companies that produces water for human use is favorable and is expected savings about 40 % less costs in the process. In addition is considered significant improvement in the quality of water and thus improving of public health and many others benefits.
13. Service can be considered of interest to Water and Sewer Companies?
Yes. The Technology in producing potable water reduces chemical consumption, costs of production, improves the quality of the water produced, and resulting in a fast recovery of the capacity of production and prevents algae growth in reservoir of water companies.
14. The process not depends on regulated flows, stable equilibrium conditions of pH; DO; N, P, flux, size or specific other parameters of the aquatic environment?
Yes. The platform is to operate in any adverse environmental condition.
15. The mobile station requires a minimum depth to operate?
Yes. It Require a minimum depth of 1.5 meters. Navigation at a velocity about 2 km/hour in any direction needed.
16. The process has low energy consumption?
Yes. It can be considered 1 Watt / habitants. It means about 50 % of energy consumption comparing with total cost of treatment sludge in conventional process.
17. The method performs well and effectively?
Yes. Statistics of last 10 years show that the technology is effectively enough to achieve the best quality of water in any class desired. Its operation is simple, have high mobility to go from a place to another by truck, and flexibility to change capacities of production. About nutrients and metals, what happens? The concentrations to each class of water can be achieved, but the approach of this technology is to recovery the self-purification of a water body, so, is not only to look for low concentrations.
This technology is not to consider the cost of O3 or O2 in bottle, or cannot be compared with other technologies because the others available do not perform the same activity of real disinfection, elimination of cyanobacteria’s, that requires essentially ozone application. Besides, other technologies are not capable to generate and inject billions of pure oxygen to really recovery the self-purification of dead waters and are not a solution to eliminate bloom algae´s.
So, It is not a question of cost effectiveness calculations only. It is about different technologies, with totally different environmental approach to achieve huge different results in specific time to specific quality of water to any use or reuse and to obtain a large economic result too. It means really maintain water as a sustainable renewable resource with best quality, less chlorine and Fluor.
If is necessary a complete solution for disinfection, to achieve a target class measured by legal parameters and limits, to destroy cyanobacteria’s, to eliminate and control algae´s, there is no technologies to do all this tasks simultaneously and in a fast way, with unlimited capacity and 100% mobility, able to focus hot spots and to remove all trash and debris of water. This is a complete patented platform and doesn´t need any compliment of chemical products.
Of course, sewages in dams of iron ore companies, dams of electrical energy companies where soil contains sulfur, or oil spill in sea, can be necessary specific project. But to the biggest common issue of sewages treated in water bodies around world there is no, until this moment, another complete solution. This is the patented sole source as concluded by Govern Institutions in USA, after many international biddings, launched last 15 years.
18. As the procedure resolves the issue of pollution in relation to the sediment and trash deposited on the aquatic environment?
Treatment by injection of oxygen at the bottom of aquatic environments is to treat water, supply absence of oxygen, but is too, expose the trash and to remove it. Some sand or small part of sediment deposited at the bottom are sucked and treated inside chambers of ozone, oxygen, hydroxyl radical and back to the lake after cleaned.
When there is a dredging or scraping or thinking in to empty the water from the local, there is a creation of risk of a blending of trash with sediment and it can increase largely the problem of contamination and the cost of solution.
Environmentally, these actions can cause an exposure of contaminated soil, and it results in a solution more difficult. Removing sediments is recommended only to needed cases. It is because is possible avoid the raising much the research costs, laboratory tests, diagnosis, removal and fate and transport to an appropriate fate, in the case of sediment that contains high concentrations of contaminants.
The sediment can occur in layers that vary in thickness, density and degree of compaction. The deeper layers present a more solid state, and less pasty, but the intermediate sediment and upper layers is much more unattached and less dense. This enable the processing the background of these loose and upper layers with oxidation result in elimination of the organic matter, reducing metals, nutrients and promote oxygenation of the anaerobic zone. Some material is revolved and suspended in the water column and is treated too, another portion flows downstream, or stays on the site, but is deposited again in the background in another point downstream where can be inert.
Anyway, the sand/sediment in upper layers are sucked and treated within the ozone chamber and crosses the tubes of injection of oxygen before return to water. This operation suction promotes suspension and makes possible the visibility to wastes (scrap wood, hooves bottles, plastics, tires, carcasses of fish, animals) that are sucked too, filtered, by a screen system. And about oil spill, metals, or special or dangerous compounds that exist inside waters of dams in iron ore plants or in dams for electrical energy production or are polluted by local geological characteristics?
The solution for oil spill implies in usage of additional accessory in the equipment to recover and separate water from oil. To diverse cases, will be necessary customizing projects based on a specific characterization of the issues to define the best final solution.
19. And the slopes of the place how can be cleaned?
The slopes can be cleaned by Cannon high pressure water, mounted on the mobile station.
20. As for the National Water Resources Policy, established by Law 9.433 of 1997, there is some point that it should be improved to incorporate this new technology?
Yes. There are several that deserve attention: First, regulate the characterization of the local polluted at least as well as the directives applied for underground polluted waters. Is important universalization of the use of ozone and oxidation technology to reduce pollution in the waters of Brazil? Yes. Articles 9º, 13º, 19º and 22º of the mentioned Law should also be upgraded and supplemented. This directive mention issues relating to reducing costs of pollution, financing and achieve the viability of transport in waters in Brazil, but it is necessary to create a guideline and sustainable economic model that reverses some of the results originating from these services and uses of water to fund the revitalization of the self-purification capacity of water bodies and clean the trash. Even this approach has been considered in Basin Management in Brazil, but is recommended to emphasize much more the need to decontamination of polluted waters. And the last point would universalize water reuse for enhancing and assure real and total sustainability under all aspects, to all water bodies. It is important to be clear the responsibility of cities for pumping, give the finish treatment and distribute the water, based in own investments or under a partnership with private entrepreneurs.
21. Environmental awareness is still the primary step for people to preserve natural resources?
Yes. This awareness is essential and must be learned at all levels of political and social decision. Remember that the environment grows at exponential rate and we need to understand that no single technology will work better than one that is capable to potentiate the features of immediate and very fast reactions of nature itself. One simple proof is algae´s bloom take all area of a big lagoon (2 - 4 Km2) in 2 or 3 months if the eutrophic state is favorable even with application of high doses of chemicals to avoid this occurrence.
22. Specifically this type of treatment of polluted water allows others positives results in addition the costs and time reductions in production of water to human supply?
Studies show that it is possible to obtain and maintain a perennial and significantly better quality of water because ozone eliminates 99.9 % of coliform bacteria and cyanobacteria, destroy viruses, detergents, remove oils, odors, and reduce nutrient concentrations to acceptable levels. It also enables the reuse of water, retrieves and maintains the capacity of reservoirs, effectively combating the "flowering of the algae´s" (algal blooms), a chronic problem with no solution in almost all dams that produces water to human consume.
23. Who is technically responsible or contact for the use of this technology in Brazil?
Contact: Osvaldo Aleixo Rodrigues de Oliveira, M. Sc.
Phone: 55 31 9379.1800; 31 3281.1818 (leave a message please. I will call back)
Email : oaleixo10@gmail.com
Skype : osvaldoaleixo
Twiter : @ osvaldoaleixo
Viber : 55 31 93791800
Linkdein: br.linkedin.com/pub/osvaldo-de-o-aleixo-rodrigues-m-sc/2/2a6/954
| 
